Immersive virtual reality may ease the pain and distress felt by patients with cancer, suggests a new analysis of published evidence.
According to the study, published in BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care, patients were happy to use immersive virtual reality and it helped those with cancer, dementia, cardiovascular disease, MS and kidney disease cope better with medical treatments and the emotional impact of their condition.
The technology – which allows people to experience being physically present in a non-physical world – may also have potential for people with other distressing long term conditions, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), kidney disease and dementia, the findings indicate.
Interest in the use of VR for improving patients’ quality of life has grown in recent years with the development of the tech and falling costs, note the researchers. But it’s not clear how effective it might be in helping people cope with the medical treatment and psychological impact of a long term condition.
To explore this further, the researchers trawled research databases for studies that looked at the use and effectiveness of immersive virtual reality for aiding psychological adjustment to a long term condition in adults.
The pooled data analysis included evidence from 31 relevant studies, published between 1993 and 2023, in which the technology had been used in patients with cancer, dementia, cardiovascular disease, MS, kidney disease, inflammatory bowel disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
The studies ranged in size from 30 to 50 participants, with an average age of 51. On average, a virtual reality session lasted 20 minutes, ranging in delivery from one application to daily use for a specified period.
The studies looked at environment-based and game-based immersive virtual reality interventions, designed either to relax the user ahead of medical treatment with a combination of a nature walk and mindfulness meditation, for example, or to engage them by equipping them with specific skills or behaviours to help them cope better with their condition.
“These findings are promising in a population at risk of polypharmacy and suggest immersive VR [virtual reality] can offer a non-pharmacological intervention that is considered acceptable by clinicians, caregivers, and patients,” they write.
“As VR systems become progressively more accessible, immersive VR interventions may begin to offer cost benefits compared with conventional pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments,” they add.
The types of virtual reality and procedures used varied widely across the included studies, and no one particular type emerged as noticeably more effective than any of the others.
The researchers also emphasise that a degree of caution is needed in interpreting the findings. 13 of the 31 studies were feasibility or pilot studies, and a further 4 were considered to have a high risk of bias. Sample sizes were often small and not many studies included a comparison group.
Exactly how immersive virtual realities might exert their physical and psychological effects on patients still isn’t clear, they say.
The technology might be distracting and absorbing, or alter the user’s state of mind, so reducing the subjective experience of pain and/or boosting their ability to cope with the physical and psychological impacts of their condition, suggest the researchers.
Further research is needed to better understand how the technology works, if any particular type of VR is more effective and under what circumstances, and what, if any, long term effects there might be, the researchers note.
“Our findings suggest that VR interventions are acceptable treatments that have the potential to improve physical and psychological consequences of physical illness,” the authors said in the study’s conclusion. “There is good quality research to suggest that these VR interventions are effective in reducing pain and distress, particularly among people with cancer.”
