Discrimination may speed up the biological processes of ageing, according to a new study led by researchers at the NYU School of Global Public Health.
The research links interpersonal discrimination to changes at the molecular level, revealing a potential root cause of disparities in age-related illness and death
Research shows that people who experience discrimination based on their identity (e.g. race, gender, weight, or disability) are at increased risk for a range of health issues, including heart disease, high blood pressure, and depression.
While the precise biological factors driving these poor health outcomes are not fully understood, chronic activation of the body’s stress response is a likely contributor. Moreover, a growing body of research connects persistent exposure to discrimination to the biological processes of ageing.
To better understand the connection between discrimination and ageing, Cuevas and his colleagues looked at three measures of DNA methylation, a marker that can be used to assess the biological impacts of stress and the ageing process.
Blood samples and surveys were collected from nearly 2,000 U.S. adults as part of the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study, a longitudinal analysis of health and well-being funded by the National Institute on Aging.
Participants were asked about their experiences with three forms of discrimination: everyday, major, and workplace. Everyday discrimination refers to subtle and minor instances of disrespect in daily life, whereas major discrimination focuses on acute and intense instances of discrimination (for example, being physically threatened by police officers). Discrimination in the workplace includes unjust practices, stunted professional opportunities, and punishment based on identity.
The researchers found that discrimination was linked to accelerated biological ageing, with people who reported more discrimination ageing faster biologically compared to those who experienced less discrimination. Everyday and major discrimination were consistently associated with biological ageing, while exposure to discrimination in the workplace was also linked to accelerated ageing, but its impact was comparatively less severe.
“Experiencing discrimination appears to hasten the process of aging, which may be contributing to disease and early mortality and fuelling health disparities,” said Adolfo Cuevas, assistant professor in the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences at NYU’s School of Global Public Health and senior author of the study published in the journal Brain, Behavior, and Immunity-Health.
A deeper analysis showed that two health factors—smoking and body mass index—explained roughly half of the association between discrimination and ageing, suggesting that other stress responses to discrimination, such as increased cortisol and poor sleep, are contributing to accelerated ageing.
“While health behaviours partly explain these disparities, it’s likely that a range of processes are at play connecting psychosocial stressors to biological ageing,” said Cuevas, who is also a core faculty at the Center for Anti-racism, Social Justice, & Public Health at NYU School of Global Public Health.
In addition, the link between discrimination and accelerated biological aging varied by race. Black study participants reported more discrimination and tended to exhibit older biological age and faster biological ageing.
However, White participants, who reported less discrimination, were more susceptible to the impacts of discrimination when they did experience it, perhaps due to less frequent exposure and fewer coping strategies. (Data on other racial and ethnic groups were not available in the MIDUS study.)
“These findings underscore the importance of addressing all forms of discrimination to support healthy ageing and promote health equity,” added Cuevas.
In addition to Cuevas, study authors include Steven W. Cole of the University of California, Los Angeles; Daniel W. Belsky of Columbia University; and Anna-Michelle McSorley, Jasmine M. Shon, and Virginia W. Chang of the NYU School of Global Public Health.
